A review of the North American Juglandaceae-feeding Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)

Abstract

The species of Gracillariidae feeding on Juglandaceae in North America are reviewed, including host, distribution, and parasitoid records. Caloptilia blandella (Clemens) feeds on Juglans spp. (walnut and butternut) and is likely responsible for occasional mines found on Carya spp. (hickory and pecan). Caloptilia juglandiella (Chambers), new synonym, is shown to be a dark overwintering form of C. blandella. Cameraria caryaefoliella (Clemens) feeds on Carya and Juglans in the east, and mines of this or another, undescribed Cameraria species occur on Juglans in the western USA. Cameraria eppelsheimii (Frey and Boll), known from a single specimen purportedly reared from Carya in Texas, is an enigma requiring further study. Phyllonorycter caryaealbella (Chambers) feeds on hickories in Carya section Carya, while the hosts of P. olivaeformis (Braun) are in Carya section Apocarya (pecan and bitternut hickory). Prior records of P. caryaealbella from pecan (C. illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch) represent misidentifications of P. olivaeformis. DNA barcodes, genitalia, and other distinguishing features of these and other North American Gracillariidae with similar wing patterns are discussed. Mines attributed to the polyphagous species Marmara gulosa Guillén and Davis have been found on stems and fruits of cultivated walnut in southern California, and possible Marmara mines have been found on stems of hickory and walnut in eastern North America. Linear leaf mines of an unknown gracillariid have been found on black hickory (Carya texana Buckley) in Oklahoma.