Descriptions of three hundred new species of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)
Jing Zhang
Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Biophysics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-8816 USA
Qian Cong
Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development and Department of Biophysics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-8816 USA
Jinhui Shen
Department of Biophysics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9050 USA
Leina Song
Department of Biophysics University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9050 USA
Nick V. Grishin
Departments of Biophysics and Biochemistry University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390-9050 USA
Abstract
Genomic sequencing and analysis offer a fast track to cataloguing biodiversity and facilitating species discovery. A comprehensive genomic study of Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809 (Lepidoptera), incorporating primary type specimens, uncovers a plethora of species previously unknown to science. Three hundred of them (one in a new genus, and one in a new subgenus) are described here (type localities are given in parentheses): Hasora vietnama Grishin, new species (Vietnam: Đắk Nong), Drephalys (Paradrephalys) oriana Grishin, new species (Panama: Colon), Drephalys (Paradrephalys) aurantior Grishin, new species (Panama: Colon), Drephalys (Paradrephalys) pulcher Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama Oeste), Drephalys (Drephalys) phoelides Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama), Drephalys (Drephalys) panamys Grishin, new species (Panama: Colon), Phanus centralis Grishin, new species (El Salvador: San Salvador), Phanus vitreides Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Orellana), Hyalothyrus inferna Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Tarsoctenus stenopapias Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Phocides tema Grishin, new species (Guatemala), Bungalotis lotis Grishin, new species (Belize), Dyscophellus porsenica Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Dyscophellus santamarta Grishin, new species (Colombia: Magdalena), Euriphellus huellus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Vaupes), Cecropterus (Cecropterus) spinipes Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul), Cecropterus (Thorybes) septelucis Grishin, new species (Mexico: Chiapas), Cecropterus (Murgaria) lapus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Sinaloa), Cecropterus (Murgaria) margo Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nayarit), Cecropterus (Murgaria) amazonensis Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Spicauda surprisa Grishin, new species (Brazil: Parana), Spicauda pecne Grishin, new species (Peru: Cajamarca), Urbanus (Urbanoides) xenophon Grishin, new species (Costa Rica: San Jose), Urbanus (Urbanus) torcidus Grishin, new species (Colombia: east), Urbanus (Urbanus) viterbo Grishin, new species (Colombia: east), Urbanus (Urbanus) alvinus Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Telegonus (Telegonus) alco Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama Oeste), Telegonus (Telegonus) loretus Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Telegonus (Telegonus) tenebricus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Telegonus (Telegonus) colombus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Meta), Telegonus (Telegonus) argentinus Grishin, new species (Argentina: Misiones), Telegonus (Telegonus) chuchuvis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Esmeraldas), Telegonus (Rhabdoides) lesus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Antioquia), Telegonus (Rhabdoides) fortis Grishin, new species (USA: Texas), Telegonus (Rhabdoides) occultus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Telegonus (Rhabdoides) leptus Grishin, new species (Mexico: San Luis Potosi), Autochton (Autochton) xaca Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Autochton (Autochton) nama Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama Oeste), Autochton (Autochton) pacovena Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Zulia), Autochton (Autochton) pera Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Autochton (Autochton) colombianus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Choco), Autochton (Autochton) bipunctaticus Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Astraptes guyana Grishin, new species (Guyana), Epargyreus argentinicus Grishin, new species (Argentina: Jujuy), Epargyreus tmolucan Grishin, new species (Argentina: Tucuman), Chioides australis Grishin, new species (Bolivia: La Paz), Aguna peruander Grishin, new species (Peru: Amazonas), Aguna leucoriga Grishin, new species (Brazil: Minas Gerais), Aguna paraica Grishin, new species (Brazil: Para), Aguna paracoelus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Para), Aguna aguna Grishin, new species (Panama: Veraguas), Aguna manchancha Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Aguna guyanae Grishin, new species (Guyana), Aguna curvicoelus Grishin, new species (Panama: Darien), Aguna lumba Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Sucumbios), Aguna yasuna Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Orellana), Aguna stenozonius Grishin, new species (Guyana), Aguna latifasciata Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Lobotractus bajasur Grishin, new species (Mexico: Baja California Sur), Lobotractus myseriana Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Ridens ankon Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Chimborazo), Ridens fulmina Grishin, new species (Peru: Huanuco), Ridens gracilis Grishin, new species (Panama: Darien), Venada chiapa Grishin, new species (Mexico: Chiapas), Venada maria Grishin, new species (Peru: Huanuco), Venada boliva Grishin, new species (Bolivia: La Paz), Cephise fulvus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Ectomis (Asina) sine Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Ectomis (Ectomis) lipas Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Ectomis (Ectomis) pernicioides Grishin, new species (Brazil: Sao Paulo), Ectomis (Ectomis) albovenissima Grishin, new species (Brazil: Santa Catarina), Telemiades nidas Grishin, new species (Panama: Colon), Telemiades canticus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Telemiades squador Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Polygonus amazonus Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Typhedanus ampyxacus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Typhedanus umbrosus Grishin, new species (Colombia), Cogia huila Grishin, new species (Mexico: Coahuila), Coladenia javi Grishin, new species (Indonesia: Java), Abaratha (Abaratha) bhutana Grishin, new species (Bhutan), Abantis (Caprona) ana Grishin, new species (Kenya: Mombasa), Mysoria (Mysarbia) centralia Grishin, new species (Panama: Darien), Gindanes brebus Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Quadrus (Trifa) cobus Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Sucumbios), Quadrus (Quadrus) alis Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Quadrus (Quadrus) rialis Grishin, new species (Guatemala: Cayuga), Quadrus (Quadrus) tee Grishin, new species (Colombia: Antioquia), Quadrus (Quadrus) truncatoides Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Quadrus (Quadrus) lugubroides Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Quadrus (Tuberna) syntrophos Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Orellana), Quadrus (Cyrna) baris Grishin, new species (Mexico: San Luis Potosi), Quadrus (Cyrna) pacuvius Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Quadrus (Cyrna) rahus Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Tungurahua), Quadrus (Ebona) fuscus Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama), Quadrus (Ebona) atrus Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriqui), Quadrus (Ebona) evanitza Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Quadrus (Zera) panamia Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriqui), Quadrus (Zera) chinchia Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pichincha), Quadrus (Zera) cinthinus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Milanion (Milanion) chelatus Grishin, new species (Peru: Huanuco), Milanion (Milanion) guianensis Grishin, new species (Guyana), Eantis (Minna) willa Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Eantis (Thilla) maurus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Para), Aethilla mexina Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Achlyodes centralis Grishin, new species (Panama: Darien), Achlyodes cacaus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Spioniades abbreviatissima Grishin, new species (Colombia: Meta), Spioniades ana Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Tungurahua), Mimia engana Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Oriente, Rio Engano), Xispia superquadrata Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Xispia equadra Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Myrinia distincta Grishin, new species (Peru: Amazonas), Morvina jana Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Morvina caura Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Suapure), Morvina cola Grishin, new species (Colombia: Boyaca), Cyclosemia hebes Grishin, new species (“Amazons”), Cyclosemia alatha Grishin, new species (Bolivia), Cyclosemia trichroma Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Cyclosemia andeania Grishin, new species (Peru: Amazonas), Cyclosemia mexicania Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Cyclosemia decorata Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Zamora- Chinchipe), Cyclosemia supercaerulea Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Esmeraldas), Cyclosemia bolivia Grishin, new species (Bolivia: Santa Cruz), Cyclosemia rondonnius Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Cyclosemia ecuadoria Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Cyclosemia peruvia Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Iliana (Nastrus) amazona Grishin, new subgenus and new species (Brazil: Amazonas) (type species of the subgenus), Tiana ater Grishin, new species (Panama: Cocle), Tiana nigerrima Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Nisoniades (Bezus) occibessus Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Nisoniades (Nisoniades) equaphora Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Loja), Bolla (Bovaria) damera Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Bolla (Bolla) aureiceps Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pichincha), Bolla (Sebia) zuela Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Merida), Bolla (Sebia) guatemalensis Grishin, new species (Guatemala), Bolla (Stolla) bolla Grishin, new species (Bolivia: Cochabamba), Bolla (Stolla) manu Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Staphylus (Vulga) maria Grishin, new species (Peru: Huanuco), Staphylus (Vulga) cuzos Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Staphylus (Vulga) metos Grishin, new species (Colombia: Meta), Staphylus (Staphylus) panamicus Grishin, new species (Panama: Guna Yala), Pholisora suroesta Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Noctuana mimica Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Noctuana statoreca Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Noctuana statorana Grishin, new species (Guyana), Noctuana haematospilata Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Noctuana ventrovenata Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Windia sonoria Grishin, new species (Mexico: Sonora), Ernsta (Delaga) aspes Grishin, new species (Namibia: 4 km east of Otavi), Heliopetes (Heliopyrgus) willioides Grishin, new species (Argentina: Tucuman), Heliopetes (Heliopetes) arsaltines Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Trina trina Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriqui), Trina isa Grishin, new species (French Guiana), Santa claus Grishin, new species (Guyana), Anisochoria huanuca Grishin, new species (Peru: Huanuco), Clito mexicens Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Clito sompoides Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Clito ada Grishin, new species (Panama: Colon), Clito rondo Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Clito zeloticus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Clito hondo Grishin, new species (Honduras), Clito pallida Grishin, new species (Brazil: Mato Grosso), Echelatus jamaicus Grishin, new species (Jamaica: Kingston), Anaxas songus Grishin, new species (Bolivia: La Paz), Potamanaxas crandama Grishin, new species (Panama: Darien), Potamanaxas ecuada Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Potamanaxas enez Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Aragua), Potamanaxas huanca Grishin, new species (Peru: Pasco), Potamanaxas quigga Grishin, new species (Colombia: Caqueta), Festivia festi Grishin, new species (Panama: Darien), Festivia hannah Grishin, new species (Colombia), Festivia tolima Grishin, new species (Colombia: Tolima), Sostrata guyata Grishin, new species (Guyana), Sostrata rondata Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Sostrata peruata Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Gorgythion centralina Grishin, new species (Guatemala: Santa Rosa), Gorgythion canalina Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama Oeste), Gorgythion ayas Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Guayas), Gorgythion calima Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Gorgythion lorina Grishin, new species (Peru: Loreto), Gorgythion cerrada Grishin, new species (Brazil: Goias), Camptopleura mexicanes Grishin, new species (Mexico: Veracruz), Felicena wau Grishin, new species (Papua New Guinea: Morobe), Mnaseas violaceus Grishin, new species (Guyana), Cyclosma paragua Grishin, new species (Paraguay: Sapucai), Lindra pindra Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama), Metron chrysoaca Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Metron cremicolor Grishin, new species (Brazil: Sao Paulo), Metron cerradon Grishin, new species (Brazil: Mato Grosso), Metron fascia Grishin, new species (Costa Rica: Heredia), Tisias ador Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Morona-Santiago), Tisias migera Grishin, new species (Brazil: Minas Gerais), Xeniades (Tixe) cuska Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Oligoria (Oligoria) colombia Grishin, new species (Colombia: Cauca), Oligoria (Oligoria) argentinia Grishin, new species (Argentina: Jujuy), Oligoria (Oligoria) ecuadoria Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Oligoria (Oligoria) peruvia Grishin, new species (Peru: Junin), Atrytonopsis dospuntos Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Thespieus genta Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Thespieus panareus Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriqui), Thespieus maldan Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Alychna bogotana Grishin, new species (Colombia: Bogota), Alychna colonis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Alychna semicolonis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Cuzco), Wahydra vekana Grishin, new species (Colombia: Cundinamarca), Adlerodea asemodia Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pichincha), Mucia castana Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Zamora-Chinchipe), Mucia strigemma Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Morona-Santiago), Vinius panamius Grishin, new species (Panama: Herrera), Cynea (Cynea) veneatra Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Aragua), Cynea (Cynea) equatra Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pichincha), Cynea (Nycea) pindus Grishin, new species (Guyana), Onophas flossus Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama Oeste), Onophas flos Grishin, new species (Honduras), Eutus costa Grishin, new species (Costa Rica: Cartago), Thoon dius Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Thoon rondius Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Alerema complex Grishin, new species (USA: Texas), Niconiades sor Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Moeris nana Grishin, new species (Brazil: Parana), Gallio tholos Grishin, new species (Guyana), Gallio pallidus Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Mnasicles (Remella) wemex Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Mnasicles (Remella) vembia Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Barinas), Mnasicles (Remella) aca Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Mnasicles (Remella) ritama Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriqui), Mnasicles (Mnasicles) nama Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriqui), Mnasicles (Mnasicles) doraon Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Guayas), Amblyscirtes (Amblyscirtes) azteca Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nayarit), Amblyscirtes (Amblyscirtes) cupreus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Hidalgo), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) fimbriora Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nuevo Leon), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) aspilus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) sonofolia Grishin, new species (Mexico: Jalisco), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) verafolia Grishin, new species (Mexico: Chiapas), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) nayafolia Grishin, new species (Mexico: Nayarit), Vidius calacato Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Cobalopsis tys Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Artonia darienia Grishin, new species (Panama: Darien), Artonia guiania Grishin, new species (Guyana), Corra panka Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriqui), Cymaenes bahiensis Grishin, new species (Brazil: Bahia), Cymaenes guianensis Grishin, new species (French Guiana), Cymaenes paraibes Grishin, new species (Brazil: Paraiba), Cymaenes taboga Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama), Lerema (Morys) valerianus Grishin, new species (French Guiana), Saturnus oaxacus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Saturnus jaguarundi Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Streakus unisolus Grishin, new genus and new species (Peru: Cuzco) (type species of the genus), Vistigma (Penicula) cometa Grishin, new species (Colombia: Meta), Phlebodes trapinex Grishin, new species (Guyana), Phlebodes punto Grishin, new species (Peru: San Martin), Phlebodes maransis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Metiscus gothic Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Lychnuchus (Enosis) philos Grishin, new species (Panama: Darien), Mit albitornus Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Callimormus turnus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Callimormus saturnicus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Mato Grosso), Lento tolus Grishin, new species (French Guiana), Lento amazo Grishin, new species (Brazil: Para), Lento flecha Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Virga radiolius Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Virga marmolius Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rondonia), Mnestheus itta Grishin, new species (Panama: Panama Oeste) Mnestheus ittonica Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco) Ludens lombens Grishin, new species (Colombia), Rigga spanglata Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), Rigga bia Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Racta iria Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Mnasinous (Mnasinous) patagopsis Grishin, new species (Panama: Chiriqui), Thargella(Volus) amazella Grishin, new species (Peru: Madre de Dios), Synapte sala Grishin, new species (Mexico: San Luis Potosi), Synapte oaxala Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Mnasalcas tenapana Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Napo), Ancyloxypha aureata Grishin, new species (Peru: La Libertad), Oarisma (Copaeodes) jeor Grishin, new species (Brazil: Mato Grosso), Panoquina sinasona Grishin, new species (Mexico: Sinaloa), Zenis lipas Grishin, new species (Mexico: Tamaulipas), Calpodes rostris Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Calpodes rostridus Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Merida), Calpodes perlatus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Para), Calpodes contrastus Grishin, new species (Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul), Calpodes fissalius Grishin, new species (Colombia: Boyaca), Calpodes parasalius Grishin, new species (Suriname), Calpodes chimalapus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Calpodes vividus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Boyaca), Calpodes obscurus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Calpodes antonus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Calpodes venamus Grishin, new species (Venezuela: Carabobo), Calpodes calimus Grishin, new species (Colombia: Valle del Cauca), Calvetta calva Grishin, new species (Panama: Colon); Carystus (Argon) gus Grishin, new species (Mexico: Oaxaca), Aroma oma Grishin, new species (Panama: Colon), Molo reticulatus Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Esmeraldas), Mielkeus tertius Grishin, new species (Costa Rica: Cartago), Damas surivenas Grishin, new species (Suriname), Pyrrhopygopsis bixis Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Orellana), Oenides ecuadorina Grishin, new species (Ecuador: Pastaza), Oenides erytorna Grishin, new species (Peru: Huanuco), Oenides andina Grishin, new species (Peru: Cuzco), and Oenides peruvina Grishin, new species (Peru: Pasco). We confirm that Papilio aulestis Cramer, 1780 is an incorrect original spelling of Papilio aulestes Cramer, 1780; propose that Thymele dirpha Boisduval, 1832 and Thymele phalos Boisduval, 1832 are nomina dubia in Hesperiidae, probably Trapezitinae Waterhouse and Lyell, 1914; and fix the type species of Felicena Waterhouse, 1932 as Sabera albicilla Joicey and Talbot, 1917. The following taxa were formerly treated as subspecies or synonyms and are here reinstated or given new status as species (listed here alongside the species they were originally subspecific to or synonymized with, in parentheses): Hasora danda Evans, 1949, Hasora china Evans, 1949, and Hasora taiwana Hsu, Tsukiyama and Chiba, 2005 (not Hasora anura Niceville, 1889), Drephalys (Paradrephalys) formosus (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867) (not Drephalys (Paradrephalys) dumeril (Latreille, [1824])), Phanus prestoni L. Miller, 1965 (not Phanus obscurior Kaye, 1925), Cecropterus (Murgaria) herophilus (Plotz, 1881) (not Cecropterus (Thorybes) virescens (Mabille, 1877), Autochton (Autochton) bocus (Plotz, 1882), Autochton (Autochton) dhega (Mabille, 1891), and Autochton (Autochton) agathokles (Ehrmann, 1918) (not Autochton (Autochton) neis (Geyer, 1832)), Autochton (Autochton)orontes (Plotz, 1882) (not Autochton (Autochton) bipunctatus (Gmelin, [1790]), Aguna scheba (Plotz, 1881) (not Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)), Aguna leucogramma (Mabille, 1888) (not Aguna albistria (Plotz, 1881)), Ridens philia Evans, 1952 (not Ridens philistus (Hopffer, 1874)), Ectomis flammula (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869) (not Ectomis auginus (Hewitson, 1867)), Coladenia sundae de Jong and Treadaway, 1992 (not Coladenia agni (Niceville, 1884)), Abaratha (Abaratha) saraya Doherty, 1886 (not Abaratha (Abaratha) agama (Moore, 1858)), Gindanes phagesia (Hewitson, 1868), Gindanes panaetius Godman and Salvin, 1895, and Gindanes brebna Evans, 1953 (not Gindanes brebisson (Latreille, [1824])), Quadrus (Ebona) dampa (Evans, 1953) (not Quadrus (Ebona) juxta (E. Bell, 1934)), Quadrus (Zera) latreilliana (Mabille, 1876) (not Quadrus (Zera) zera (A. Butler, 1870)), Aethilla coracina Butler, 1870 (not Aethilla echina Hewitson, 1870), Morvina pelarge (Godman and Salvin, 1894) (not Morvina fissimacula (Mabille, 1878)), Bolla tornea Evans, 1953 (not Bolla giselus (Mabille, 1883)), Trina phalaena (Mabille, 1898) (not Trina geometrina (C. Felder and R. Felder, 1867)), Santa aquila (Hayward, 1951) (not Santa santes (E. Bell, 1940)), Echelatus dilloni E. Bell and W. Comstock, 1948 (not Echelatus sempiternus (A. Butler and H. Druce, 1872)), Felicena albicilla (Joicey and Talbot, 1917) (not Thymele dirpha Boisduval, 1832, nomen dubium), Metron hypodesma (Plotz, 1882) and Metron gades Evans, 1955 (not Metron chrysogastra (A. Butler, 1870)), Tisias canna Evans, 1955 (not Tisias lesueur (Latreille, [1824]), Onophas flossites (M. Butler, 1874) (not Onophas columbaria (Herrich-Schaffer, 1870)), Mnasicles (Remella) centralis (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869) (not Mnasicles (Remella) remus (Fabricius, 1798)), Mnasicles (Mnasicles) stollmeyeri (E. Bell, 1932) (not Mnasicles (Mnasicles) hicetaon Godman, 1901), Amblyscirtes (Amblyscirtes) prenda Evans, 1955 (not Amblyscirtes (Amblyscirtes) tolteca Scudder, 1872), Amblyscirtes (Mastor) immaculatus Freeman, 1970 (not Amblyscirtes (Mastor) patriciae (Bell, 1959)), Cymaenes theogenis (Capronnier, 1874) (not Cymaenes tripunctus (Herrich-Schaffer, 1865)), Cymaenes sulla (Moschler, 1879) (not Cymaenes theogenis (Capronnier, 1874)), Cymaenes sacchariphila (Dyar, 1917) (not Cymaenes alumna (Butler, 1877)), Virga cometho (Godman, 1901) (not Virga virginius (Moschler, 1883)), Calpodes culta (Evans, 1955) and Calpodes catha (Evans, 1955) (not Calpodes saladin (Evans, 1955)), Calpodes trimacula (Mabille, 1878) (not Calpodes salius (Cramer, 1775)), and Pyrrhopygopsis orasus (H. Druce, 1876) (not Pyrrhopygopsis socrates (Menetries, 1855)). The following are new genus-species and species-subspecies combinations (previous parent in parentheses): Viola fatinitza (Plotz, 1884) (not Quadrus Lindsey, 1925), Metron nigroalbum (Shuey, 2024) (not Metrocles Godman, 1900), Aguna scheba haitensis Mabille and Boullet, 1912 (not Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)), Morvina pelarge lenia Evans, 1953 (not Morvina fissimacula (Mabille, 1878)), and Felicena albicilla nota Evans, 1949 (not Thymele dirpha Boisduval, 1832, nomen dubium). Pamphila corisana Moschler, 1883 is a junior objective synonym (and a junior secondary homonym) of Cynea corisana (Plotz, 1882). The following are new junior subjective synonyms: Urbanus albimargo rica Evans, 1952 of Cecropterus (Murgaria) herophilus (Plotz, 1881), reinstated status, Ridens fulima Evans, 1952 of Ridens fulminans (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869), Viola egra Evans, 1953 of Viola fatinitza (Plotz, 1884), new combination, Zera teresa Steinhauser, 1989 of Quadrus (Zera) latreilliana (Mabille, 1876), Aethilla melas Plotz, 1882 of Aethilla coracina A. Butler, 1870, reinstated status, Staphylus incanus Bell, 1932 of Bolla(Stolla) chlorocephala Latreille, [1824], Onophas distigma Bell, 1930 of Onophas columbaria (Herrich-Schaffer, 1870), Lento listo Evans, 1955 of Lento imerius (Plotz, 1884), and Pyrrhopygopsis socrates crates Mabille and Boullet, 1912 of Pyrrhopygopsis orasus (H. Druce, 1876). We propose new taxonomic placement for the following synonyms (previous placement given in parentheses): Cecropterus zonilis Mabille, 1883 of Autochton (Autochton) orontes (Plotz, 1882), reinstated status, (not of Autochton (Autochton) bipunctatus (Gmelin, [1790])), Aguna asander jasper Evans, 1952 of Aguna scheba (Plotz, 1881), reinstated status, (not Aguna asander (Hewitson, 1867)), Thymele guatemalaina Ehrmann, 1907 (type locality likely in South America, not in Guatemala) of Aguna albistria (Plotz, 1881) (not of Aguna leucogramma (Mabille, 1888), Gindanes truncata var. obscurascens Mabille and Boullet, 1917 of Quadrus (Quadrus) ophia (Butler, 1870) (not of Quadrus (Quadrus) lugubris (R. Felder, 1869)), Pythonides praxis Plotz, 1884 of Quadrus (Tuberna) deyrollei deyrollei (Mabille, 1877) (not of Quadrus (Tuberna) contubernalis (Mabille, 1883)), and Chapra marcus Strand, 1909 (type locality likely in Mexico) of Amblyscirtes (Mastor) folia Godman, 1900 (not of Amblyscirtes (Amblyteria) exoteria (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869)). Lectotypes are designated for 27 taxa (names in original combinations, type localities in parentheses): Goniurus herophilus Plotz, 1881 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Eudamus philistus Hopffer, 1874 (Peru: Junin), Eudamus fulminans Herrich-Schaffer, 1869 (Brazil, likely southern), Eudamus caunus Herrich-Schaffer, 1869 (likely in Southeast or South Brazil), Gindanes truncata var. obscurascens Mabille and Boullet, 1917 (Venezuela: Merida), Pythonides praxis Plotz, 1884 (“Cayenne”, likely in French Guiana), Achlyodes bubaris Godman and Salvin, 1895 (Guatemala), Achlyodes calavius Godman and Salvin, 1895 (Panama: Chiriqui), Achlyodes colotes Godman and Salvin, 1895 (Panama: Chiriqui), Achlyodes fatinitza Plotz, 1884 (Colombia), Pterygospidea latreilliana Mabille, 1876 (Brazil), Aethilla melas Plotz, 1882 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), Aethilla primus Plotz, 1882 (Brazil: Sao Paulo), Theagenes stator Godman, 1899 (Mexico: Veracruz), Paches phalaena Mabille, 1898 (Bolivia: La Paz, Tanampaya), Sostrata pusilla Godman and Salvin, 1895 (Panama: Chiriqui), Hesperia hypodesma Plotz, 1882 (Brazil: Para), Cobalus percosius Godman, 1900 (Mexico: Veracruz), Hesperia corisana Plotz, 1882 (Suriname), Cobalus columbaria Herrich-Schaffer, 1870 (Brazil), Mnasicles geta Godman, 1901 (Mexico: Tabasco), Amblyscirtes folia Godman, 1900 (Mexico: Guerrero), Pamphila ancus Moschler, 1879 (Colombia), Mnasinous patage Godman, 1900 (Mexico: Veracruz), Pamphila panoquinoides Skinner, 1891 (USA: Florida, Monroe Co.), Pamphila errans Skinner, 1892 (USA: California), and Pyrrhopygopsis crates Mabille and Boullet, 1912 (Ecuador: Rio Napo). Neotypes are designated for six taxa: Goniurus tarchon Hubner, [1819] (Suriname), Carcharodus mazans Reakirt, [1867] (Mexico: Veracruz), Nisoniades mejicanus Reakirt, [1867] (Mexico: Veracruz), Cobalus centralis Herrich-Schaffer, 1869 (Panama: Chiriqui), Apaustus imerius Plotz, 1884 (South America, likely Brazil: Rio de Janeiro), and Papilio salius Cramer, 1775 (Suriname). Finally, unless stated otherwise, all subgenera, species, subspecies, and synonyms of mentioned genera, subgenera, and species are transferred together with their parent taxa, and taxa not mentioned in this work remain as previously classified.
References
- Austin GT. 1993. A review of the Phanus vitreus group (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Tropical Lepidoptera 4(suppl. 2): 21–36.
- Austin GT. 2000. Hesperiidae of Rondonia, Brazil: “Antigonus” genus group (Pyrginae), with taxonomic comments and descriptions of new species from Brazil and Guatemala. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 54(1): 1–28.
- Austin GT. 2008. Hesperiidae of Rondonia, Brazil: Taxonomic comments on ‘night’ skippers, with descriptions of new genera and species (Lepidoptera: Eudaminae). Insecta Mundi 29: 1–36.
- Austin GT, Mielke OHH. 1998. Hesperiidae of Rondonia, Brazil: Aguna Williams (Pyrginae), with a partial revision and descriptions of new species from Panama, Ecuador, and Brazil. Revista brasileira de Zoologia 14(4): 889–965.
- S0101-81751997000400012 Austin GT, Mielke OHH. 2000. Hesperiidae of Rondonia, Brazil: Cephise Evans (Pyrginae), with descriptions of new species from Mexico and Brazil. Revista brasileira de Zoologia 17(3): 757–788. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81751997000400012
- Boisduval JBAD de. 1832. Faune entomologique de l’Ocean Pacifique, avec l’illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage. Premiere partie. Lepidopteres. In: Dumont d’Urville JDd (ed.). Voyage de decouvertes de l’Astrolabe execute par ordre du Roi, pendant les annees 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d’Urville. J. Tastu; Paris. iv+5–267 p
- Buchfink B, Xie C, Huson DH. 2015. Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND. Nature Methods 12(1): 59–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3176
- Burns JM, Janzen DH, Hajibabaei M, Hallwachs WD, Hebert PDN. 2008. DNA barcodes and cryptic species of skipper butterflies in the genus Perichares in Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(17): 6350–6355. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0712181105
- Butler AG. 1872. Family Hesperiidae. p. 64–66, pl. 25. In: Butler AG. Lepidoptera Exotica, or descriptions and illustrations of exotic Lepidoptera. E. W. Janson; London, UK. 190 p. + 64 pl
- Carrillo-Briceño JD, Amson E, Zurita A, Sánchez-Villagra MR. 2016. Hermann Karsten (1817–1908): a German naturalist in the Neotropics and the significance of his paleovertebrate collection. Fossil Record 20: 21–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-21-2016
- Chiba H. 2009. A revision of the subfamily Coeliadinae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A (Natural History) 7: 1–102.
- Cong Q, Shen J, Zhang J, Li W, Kinch LN, Calhoun JV, Warren AD, Grishin NV. 2021. Genomics reveals the origins of historical specimens. Molecular Biology and Evolution 38(5): 2166–2176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab013
- Cong Q, Zhang J, Grishin NV. 2019a. Genomic determinants of speciation. bioRxiv BIORXIV/2019/837666.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1101/837666 Available at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/837666v1 (Last accessed May 2025.)
- Cong Q, Zhang J, Shen J, Grishin NV. 2019b. Fifty new genera of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Insecta Mundi 0731: 1–56.
- Cramer P. 1775. 1(1/7): i–xxx, 1–16, 1–132, pl. 1–84. In: Cramer 1775–1776. De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l’Asie, l’Afrique et l’Amerique. S.J. Baalde; Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp.; Amsterdam. 1. xxx + 155 p. + 96 pl
- Cramer P. 1780. 3(23/24): 129–176, pl. 265–288. In: Cramer 1779–1780. De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l’Asie, l’Afrique et l’Amérique. S.J. Baalde; Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp.; Amsterdam. 3. 288 p. + pl. 193–288
- Jong R. 1983. Rediscovery of the type of Papilio phineus Cramer and its bearing on the genera Phemiades Hubner and Propertius Evans (Hesperiidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 36(4): 279–289.
- Döbler H. 1973. Katalog der in den Sammlungen des ehemaligen Deutschen Entomologischen Institutes aufbewahrten Typen – IX. Beitrage zur Entomologie 23(5–8): 355–419.
- Dolibaina DR, Mielke OHH, Casagrande MM. 2014. Taxonomic revision of Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3841(1): 47–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.5
- Dolibaina DR, Mielke OHH, Casagrande MM. 2017. Taxonomy of Rufocumbre gen. nov., a new Moncini skipper genus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae). Zootaxa 4365(2): 196–216.
- Dolibaina DR, Mielke OHH, Casagrande MM, Grishin NV. 2024. A new species of Metron Godman, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from the western Amazon, with a unique hindwing color pattern in Hesperiina, its phylogenetic placement, and an illustrated key for the genus. Zootaxa 5448(4): 581–590. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5448.4.9
- Passos CF. 1959. The dates and authorships of some names proposed by Cramer and Stoll in De Uitlandische Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, and by Stoll alone in Aanhangsel van het Werk, De Uitlandische Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, door den Heere Pieter Cramer [1775]-1791. Lepidopterists’ News 12(5/6): 195–198.
- Passos CF. 1960. Taxonomic notes on Nearctic Rhopalocera. 1. Hesperioidea. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 14(1): 24–36.
- Draudt MWK. 1923. B. Grypocera, breitkopfige Tagfalter. 1. Familie: Hesperidae, Dickkopfe. p. 953–992. In: Seitz A (ed.). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde. Alfred Kernen; Stuttgart, Germany. 1141 p
- Evans WH. 1937. A catalogue of the African Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History); London, UK. xii + 212 p. + 30 pl.
- Evans WH. 1949. A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia, and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History); London, UK. xix + 502 p., 53 pl.
- Evans WH. 1951. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Introduction and Group A Pyrrhopyginae. The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History); London, UK. x + 92 p., pl. 1–9
- Evans WH. 1952. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part II. (Groups B, C, D) Pyrginae. Section I. The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History); London, UK. v + 178 p., pl. 10–25
- Evans WH. 1953. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part III. (Groups E, F, G) Pyrginae. Section 2. The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History); London, UK. v + 246 p., pl. 26–53
- Evans WH. 1955. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part IV. (Groups H to P) Hesperiinae and Megathyminae. The Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History); London, UK. v + 499 p., pl. 54–88
- Felder C, Felder R. 1867. (3): [2] + 379–536, pls. 48–74. Reise der osterreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung: Lepidoptera. Carl Gerold’s Sohn; Vienna, Austria. 549 p. + 140 pl
- Fernandez-Triana JL, Shimbori EM, Whitfield JB, Penteado-Dias AM, Shaw SR, Boudreault C, Sones J, Perez K, Brown A, Manjunath R, Burns JM, Hebert PDN, Smith MA, Hallwachs WD, Janzen DH. 2023. A revision of the parasitoid wasp genus Alphomelon Mason with the description of 30 new species (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Zookeys 1175: 5–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1175.105068
- Fernandez-Triana JL, Whitfield JB, Rodriguez JJ, Smith MA, Janzen DH, Hallwachs WD, Hajibabaei M, Burns JM, Solis MA, Brown J,Cardinal S, Goulet H, Hebert PD. 2014. Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica. Zookeys 383: 1–565. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.383.6418
- Godman FD. 1899. 2(148): 457–460, pl. 91. In: Godman FD, Salvin O (eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 2. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch; London, UK. 782 p
- Godman FD. 1900a. 2(158): 501–532, pls. 95–96. In: Godman FD, Salvin O (eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 2. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch; London, UK. 782 p
- Godman FD. 1900b. 2(159): 533–556, pls. 97–98. In: Godman FD, Salvin O (eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 2. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch; London, UK. 782 p
- Godman FD. 1900c. 2(160): 557–588, pls. 99–100. In: Godman FD, Salvin O (eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 2. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch; London, UK. 782 p
- Godman FD. 1901a. 2(162): 597–620, pls. 101–102. In: Godman FD, Salvin O (eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 2. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch; London, UK. 782 p
- Godman FD. 1901b. 2(167): 701–740, pls. 110–111. In: Godman FD, Salvin O (eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 2. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch; London, UK. 782 p
- Godman FD. 1907. Notes on the American species of Hesperiid. described by Plotz. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)20(16): 132–155.
- Godman FD, Salvin O. 1893-1895. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 2. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch; London, UK. 782 p
- Godman FD, Salvin O. 1895. 2(120): 385–400; 2(122): pl. 86. In: Godman FD, Salvin O (eds.). Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera. Vol. 2. Dulau & Co., Bernard Quaritch; London, UK. 782 p
- Hebert PD, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard JR. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 270(1512): 313–321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
- Herrich-Schäffer GAW. 1869. Prodromus systematis Lepidopterorum. [Versuch einer systematischen Anordnung der Schmetterlinge]. Correspondenz-Blatt des zoologisch-mineralogischen Vereines in Regensburg 23(12): 184–204.
- Herrich-Schäffer GAW. 1870. Prodromus systematis Lepidopterorum. [Versuch einer systematischen Anordnung der Schmetterlinge]. Correspondenz-Blatt des zoologisch-mineralogischen Vereines in Regensburg 24(9/10): 154–160.
- Hewitson WC. 1867. Descriptions of one hundred new species of Hesperiid.. Part 1. John Van Voorst; London. ii+25 p
- Hewitson WC. 1868. Descriptions of one hundred new species of Hesperiid.. Part 2. John Van Voorst; London. 32 p. [25–56]
- Holland WJ. 1931. The butterfly book. New and thoroughly revised edition. A popular and scientific manual, describing and depicting all the butterflies of the United States and Canada. Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc.; New York, NY. xii + 424 p. + 77 pl.
- Honey MR, Scoble MJ. 2001. Linnaeus’ butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 132(3): 277–399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01326.x
- Horn W, Kahle I, Friese G, Gaedike R. 1990. Collectiones entomologicae. Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der DDR; Berlin, Germany. 573 p
- Hoang DT, Chernomor O, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ, Vinh LS. 2018. UFBoot2: improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 35(2): 518–522. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281
- Hsu Y-F, Tsukiyama H, Chiba H. 2005. Hasora anura de Niceville from Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Coeliadinae) representing a new subspecies endemic to the island. Zoological Studies 44(2): 200–209.
- ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]. 1999. International code of zoological nomenclature. Fourth edition - Code international de Nomenclature Zoologique. Quatrieme edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature; London. xxx + 306 p
- Kawahara AY, Storer C, Carvalho APS, Plotkin DM, Condamine FL, Braga MP, Ellis EA, St Laurent RA, Li X, Barve V, Cai L, Earl C, Frandsen PB, Owens HL, Valencia-Montoya WA, Aduse-Poku K, Toussaint EFA, Dexter KM, Doleck T, Markee A, Messcher R, Nguyen YL, Badon JAT, Benitez HA, Braby MF, Buenavente PAC, Chan WP, Collins SC, Childers RAR, Dankowicz E, Eastwood R, Fric ZF, Gott RJ, Hall JPW, Hallwachs WD, Hardy NB, Hawkins Sipe RL, Heath A, Hinolan JD, Homziak NT, Hsu YF, Inayoshi Y, Itliong MGA, Janzen DH, Kitching IJ, Kunte K, Lamas G, Landis MJ, Larsen EA, Larsen TB, Leong JV, Lukhtanov V, Maier CA, Martinez JI, Martins DJ, Maruyama K, Maunsell SC, Mega NO, Monastyrskii A, Morais ABB, Muller CJ, Naive MAK, Nielsen G, Padron PS, Peggie D, Romanowski HP, Safian S, Saito M, Schröder S, Shirey V, Soltis D, Soltis P, Sourakov A, Talavera G, Vila R, Vlasanek P, Wang H, Warren AD, Willmott KR, Yago M, Jetz W, Jarzyna MA, Breinholt JW, Espeland M, Ries L, Guralnick RP, Pierce NE, Lohman DJ. 2023. A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins. Nature Ecology & Evolution 7(6): 903–913. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02041-9
- Lemes JRA, Siewert RR, Mielke OHH, Casagrade MM, Warren AD. 2023. Taxonomic and distributional notes on Bolla tepeca (Bell, 1942), new combination (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Tropical Lepidoptera Research 33(2): 102.
- Li W, Cong Q, Shen J, Zhang J, Hallwachs WD, Janzen DH, Grishin NV. 2019. Genomes of skipper butterflies reveal extensive convergence of wing patterns. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116(13): 6232–6237. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821304116
- Lukhtanov VA, Sourakov A, Zakharov E. 2016. DNA barcodes as a tool in biodiversity research: testing pre-existing taxonomic hypotheses in Delphic Apollo butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 14: 599–613. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2016.1203371
- Mabille P. 1876. Diagnoses d’hesperiens nouveaux (suite). Bulletin des Seances de la Societe entomologique de France 1(72): 55–58.
- Mabille P. 1898. Description de lepidopteres nouveaux. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 66(2/3): 182–231.
- Mabille P. 1903. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Fam. Hesperid.. Genera Insectorum 17a: 1–78.
- Mabille P, Boullet E. 1917. Description d’hesperides nouveaux (Lep. Hesperiinae, Sect. B). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 1917(4): 97–101.
- Mielke OHH. 1977. Paracogia acanthopoda gen. e sp. n. de Hesperiidae do Parana, Brasil (Lepidoptera). Dusenia (Curitiba) 10(2): 77–81.
- Mielke OHH. 2004. Hesperioidea. p. 25–86. In: Lamas G (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A. Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. Association for Tropical Lepidoptera; Scientific Publishers; Gainesville, FL. 439 p
- Mielke OHH. 2005. Catalogue of the American Hesperioidea: Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Sociedade Brasileira de Zoologia; Curitiba, Parana, Brazil. xxvi + . 1536 p
- Miller LD, Brown FM. 1981. A catalogue / checklist of the butterflies of America north of Mexico. The Lepidopterists’ Society memoir no. 2. The Lepidopterists’ Society; Los Angeles, CA. vii + 280 p
- Möschler HB. 1878. Neue exotische Hesperidae. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 28(1): 203–230.
- Möschler HB. 1883. Beitrage zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Surinam. V. (Supplement). Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 32(2): 303–362.
- Möschler HB. 1876. Beitrage zur schmetterlings-fauna von Surinam. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch- Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 26: 293–352.
- Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. 2015. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 32(1): 268–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300
- Ossenbach C. 2018. Orchids in the era of Grigory von Langsdorff: two golden decades in the history of the botanical exploration of Brazil (1813-1830). Lankesteriana 18(2): 111–149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v18i2.34106
- Pazhenkova EA, Lukhtanov VA. 2021. Genomic introgression from a distant congener in the Levant fritillary butterfly, Melitaea acentria. Molecular Ecology 30(19): 4819–4832. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16085
- Plötz C. 1881. Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Goniurus Hub. und ihre Arten. Bulletin de la Societe imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 55(3): 1–22.
- Plötz C. 1882a. Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Hesperia Aut. und ihre Arten. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung 43(7/9): 314–344.
- Plötz C. 1882b. Einige Hesperiinen-Gattungen und deren Arten. Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift 26(2): 253–266.
- Plötz C. 1884a. Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Apaustus Hub. und ihre Arten. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung 45(4/6): 151–166.
- Plötz C. 1884b. Die Hesperiinen-Gruppe der Achlyoden. Jahrbucher des nassauischen Vereins fur Naturkunde 37: 1–55.
- Rambaut A. 2018. FigTree, version 1.4.4.: 331–342. Available at http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (Last accessed June 2025.)
- Rubinoff D, Cameron S, Will K. 2006. A genomic perspective on the shortcomings of mitochondrial DNA for “barcoding” identification. Journal of Heredity 97(6): 581–594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esl036
- Selander RB, Vaurie P. 1962. A gazetteer to accompany the “Insecta” volumes of the “Biologia Centrali-Americana”. American Museum Novitates 2099: 1–70.
- Sharkey MJ, Janzen DH, Hallwachs WD, Chapman EG, Smith MA, Dapkey T, Brown A, Ratnasingham S, Naik S, Manjunath R, Perez K, Milton M, Hebert P, Shaw SR, Kittel RN, Solis MA, Metz MA, Goldstein PZ, Brown JW, Quicke DLJ, van Achterberg C, Brown BV, Burns JM. 2021. Minimalist revision and description of 403 new species in 11 subfamilies of Costa Rican braconid parasitoid wasps, including host records for 219 species. Zookeys 1013: 1–665. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1013.55600
- Shen J, Cong Q, Borek D, Otwinowski Z, Grishin NV. 2017. Complete genome of Achalarus lyciades, the first representative of the Eudaminae subfamily of skippers. Current Genomics 18(4): 366–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2174/1389202918
- Siewert RR, Leviski GL, Mielke OHH, Casagrande MM. 2015. A new species of Aguna Williams (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from Panama belonging to the “claxon group”. Revista brasileira de Entomologia 59(4): 320–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4721.1.1
- Siewert RR, Mielke OHH, Casagrande MM. 2020. Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Telemiades Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Eudaminae), with descriptions of fourteen new species. Zootaxa 4721(1): 1–111.
- Skinner H. 1891. A new Pamphila. Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2(9): 175.
- Skinner H. 1892. A new species of Pamphila. Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 3(7): 174–175.
- Skinner H. 1900. North American Hesperidae. Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 11(4): 413–415.
- Steinhauser SR. 1987. Notes on the identity of the species-group names in the genera Urbanus and Astraptes (sensu Evans). Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 111: 1–16.
- Stoll C. 1782. Proeve van eene Rangschikkinge der Donsyleugelige Insecten, Lepidopteren. Welker Afbeeldingen in de vier Deelen van dit Werk zyn te winden. Essai d’un ordre systematique des insectes a ailes farineuses. Lepidopter.. Representes dans les quatre volumes de cet ouvrage. In: Cramer P (ed.). De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l’Asie, l’Afrique et l’Amerique. J. S. Baalde; Utrecht, Barthelemy Wild; Amsterdam. 29 p
- Sulzer JH. 1776. Abgekurzte Geschichte der Insecten nach dem Linnaeischen System. H. Steiner & Co.; Winterthur, Switzerland. 72 p. + 32 pl
- Viette P. 1956. Notes sur quelques types de Latreille. Lambillionea 56(11/12): 88–92.
- Warren AD. 1998. A new species of Amblyscirtes from montane western Mexico (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae). Tropical Lepidoptera 9(1): 41–44.
- Warren AD, Davis KJ, Stangeland EM, Pelham JP, Willmott KR, Grishin NV. 2024. Illustrated Lists of American Butterflies. [9-III-2024]. Available at https://www.butterfliesofamerica.com/ (Last accessed July 2025.)
- Waterhouse GA. 1932. New genera of Australian Hesperiidae and a new subspecies. Australian Zoologist 7(3): 198–201.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Burns JM, Grishin NV. 2022a. Checking the checkered taxonomy of Plotz’s checkered skippers (Hesperiidae: Pyrgini). The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 10(5): 1–31.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Grishin NV. 2023a. Descriptions of one hundred new species of Hesperiidae. Insecta Mundi 1026: 1–115.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Grishin NV. 2023b. Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas. Insecta Mundi 0969: 1–58.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Brockmann E, Grishin NV. 2019a. Genomes reveal drastic and recurrent phenotypic divergence in firetip skipper butterflies (Hesperiidae: Pyrrhopyginae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286(1903): 1–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0609
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Brockmann E, Grishin NV. 2019b. Three new subfamilies of skipper butterflies (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae). ZooKeys 861: 91–105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.861.34686
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Grishin NV. 2022b. Taxonomic changes suggested by the genomic analysis of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Insecta Mundi 0921: 1–135.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Opler PA, Grishin NV. 2019c. Changes to North American butterfly names. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 8(2): 1–11.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Song L, Grishin NV. 2022c. Genomic DNA sequencing reveals two new North American species of Staphylus (Hesperiidae: Pyrginae: Carcharodini). The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 10(4): 1–13.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Song L, Grishin NV. 2023c. Butterfly classification and species discovery using genomics. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 11(3): 1–93.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Song L, Grishin NV. 2023d. Genomics-based taxonomic rearrangement of Achlyodini and Carcharodini (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Insecta Mundi 1016: 1–33.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Song L, Grishin NV. 2024a. New taxa of butterflies supported by genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12(3): 1–62.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Song L, Grishin NV. 2024b. Taxonomic advances driven by the genomic analysis of butterflies. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 11(7): 1–42.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Song L, Grishin NV. 2025a. Advancing butterfly systematics through genomic analysis. The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 12(5): 1–200.
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Shen J, Song L, Grishin NV. 2025b. Supplementary information to “Descriptions of three hundred new species of Hesperiidae.” Table S1 and DNA sequences of exons with diagnostic characters. Available at https://osf.io/9p8tf/ (Last accessed July 2025.)
- Zhang J, Cong Q, Song L, Shen J, Léger T, Lamas G, Mielke OHH, Grishin NV. 2023e. Resolving inconsistencies between Plotz’s descriptions and presumed type specimens of some Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 70(1): 159–174. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.70.98280
- Zhang J, Dolibaina DR, Cong Q, Shen J, Song L, Mielke CGC, Casagrade MM, Mielke OHH, Grishin NV. 2023f. Taxonomic notes on Neotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Zootaxa 5271(1): 91–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5271.1.3
- Zhang J, Shen J, Cong Q, Grishin NV. 2019d. Genomic analysis of the tribe Emesidini (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Zootaxa 4668(4): 475–488. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4668.4.2
Publication
Published