The distribution of 28 species of Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) in Colorado, with new state records

Coleoptera
Scarabaeidae
Geotrupidae
Scarabaeinae
Aphodiinae
Melolonthinae
Rutelinae
Dynastinae
  • Frank-Thorsten Krell

    C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, 1177H Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA

    ORCID icon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-0812
Keywords: Scarab beetles, Japanese beetle, Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae, Melolonthinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae, invasives, phenology, chemical ecology

Abstract

The distribution of the following Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) species in Colorado is established on the basis of preserved specimens and verifiable iNaturalist and literature records: Geotrupes opacus Haldeman, 1853; Onthophagus orpheus (Panzerus, 1794); Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787); Copris fricator (Fabricius, 1787); Copris remotus Leconte, 1866; Phanaeus difformis LeConte, 1847; Boreocanthon probus (Germar, 1824); Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1758); Aphodius pedellus (de Geer, 1778); Aphodius (Colobopterus) erraticus (Linnaeus, 1758); Aphodius (Dellacasiellus) kirni Cartwright, 1944; Aphodius (Diapterna) pinguis Haldeman, 1848; Aphodius (Melinopterus) prodromus (Brahm, 1790); Aphodius (Planolinoides) pectoralis LeConte, 1857; Parapsammodius puncticollis (LeConte, 1858); Pleurophorus caesus (Panzer, 1796); Phyllophaga inversa (Horn, 1887); Chrysina gloriosa (LeConte, 1855); Cotalpa subcribrata Wickham,1905; Paracotalpa granicollis (Haldeman, 1852); Popillia japonica Newman, 1838; Euphoria fulgida (Fabricius, 1775); Osmoderma subplanatum Casey, 1915; Dyscinetus picipes (Burmeister, 1847); Orizabus mcclevei Warner, 2011; Orizabus clunalis (LeConte, 1856); Xyloryctes thestalus Bates, 1888; Strategus aloeus (Linnaeus, 1758). Digitonthophagus gazella, Copris fricator, Copris remotus, Aphodius kirni, Aphodius pectoralis, Phyllophaga inversa, Osmoderma subplanatum, Chrysina gloriosa, and Strategus aloeus are new state records for Colorado, the latter two most probably passively transported to the state and not established. The occurrence of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, in Colorado is documented in detail as a result of a state-wide citizen science project. The invasive histories of Digitonthophagus gazella, Aphodius fimetarius, A. pedellus, A. erraticus, A. prodromus, Pleurophorus caesus, and Popillia japonica are outlined. Chemical attraction of several species to common pest lures is discussed and the phenology for all species is established

References

  • Allsopp PG. 1996. Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): rate of movement and potential distribution of an immigrant species. The Coleopterists Bulletin 50: 81–95.  
  • Anonymous. 1997. Japanese Beetle Survey. Colorado State University. Available at http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology/caps/JB.htm  (Last accessed 03 September 2025.)
  • Anonymous (Cranshaw W, Leatherman D, Kondratieff B, Opler P, Sclar C, Jacobi W, Mannix L, Franc G, Kearns H, Skoglund L, Harrison S, McCaig V, Pottorff L, Small M, Rodriguez C, Weitzel D). 2000. Insects and diseases of woody plants of the Central Rockies. Colorado State University, Cooperative Extension, Bulletin 506A: i–xvi, 1–283..  
  • Anonymous. 2009a. Japanese beetles discovered in the Village. The Village Crier, Cherry Hills Village 51(3): 8.  
  • Anonymous. 2009b. Agency declares victory over Japanese Beetle. 
  • The Daily Sentinel, Grand Junction, 7 Oct. 2009. Available at https://www.gjsentinel.com/news/western_colorado/agency-declares-victory-over-japanese- beetle/article_aee83938-cde5-5847-b69d-d4c447978c08.html (Last accessed 30 June 2025.) Available at https://www.gjsentinel.com/news/western_colorado/agency-declares-victory-over-japanese-  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • Anonymous. 2014. Colorado State University, Extension TriRiver Area. Western Colorado Insects. Eradicating Japanese Beetles.: 80. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20170808123741/http://wci.colostate.edu:80/  (Last accessed 30 June 2025)
  • Anonymous. 2023. Popillia japonica (Japanese Beetle) Pest Alert. A coordinated response to eradicate Popillia japonica from Metro Vancouver. Available at https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/agricultureseafood/  (Last accessed 30 June 2025)
  • Bates HW. 1888. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. II. Part 2. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. Taylor & Francis; London. [p. 161–192 published Jan. 1888; p. 305–320 published Oct. 1888; p. 321–336 published Dec. 1888] 
  • Bitar A, Morón MÁ. 2014. Revision y analisis filogenetico del genero Xyloryctes (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae: Oryctini). Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 85: 753–796. https://doi.org/10.7550/rmb.42654 
  • Blume RR, Aga A. 1978. Observations on ecological and phylogenetic relationships of Phanaeus difformis LeConte and Phanaeus vindex MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America. Southwestern Entomologist 3: 113–119.  
  • Bossenbroek JM. 2004. Spatial structure and scaling of beetle, bird and plant communities in North American grasslands. PhD Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. vii, 128 p. 
  • Brahm NJ. 1790. Insektenkalender fur Sammler und Oekonomen. Erster Theil. Kurfurstl. Privileg. Universitatsbuchhandlung; Mainz, Germany. xcii+ 248 p. 
  • Brandenburg RL, Villani MG. 1995. Handbook of Turfgrass Insect Pests. Entomological Society of America; Lanham, MD. vii + 140 p. 
  • Bright DE, Kondratieff BC. 2023. A Distributional Checklist of the Beetles (Coleoptera) of Colorado. Insects of Western North America 14. C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO. iii + 367 p. 
  • Brown WJ. 1940. Notes on the American distribution of some species of Coleoptera common to the European and North American continents. The Canadian Entomologist 72: 65–78.  
  • Bulmer D. 2007. 2007 Japanese Beetle Eradication Program Palisade, CO. Summary and Final Report. 21 p. Available at http://b3.net.nz/gerda/refs/87.pdf  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • Burmeister H. 1847. Handbuch der Entomologie. Funfter Band. Besondere Entomologie. Fortsetzung. Coleoptera Lamellicornia Xylophila et Pectinicornia. Enslin; Berlin. VIII, 584 p. 
  • Byk A, Rutkiewicz A. 2020. Struktura zgrupowań koprofagiczyuch poświętnikow (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) i ich dynamika sezonowa w uprawach I młodnikach sosnowych w Lasach Człuchowskich (połnocnozachodnia Polska). Sylwan 164: 482–496.  
  • Cartwright OL. 1944. New Aphodius from Texas gopher burrows. Entomological News 55: 129–135.  
  • Cartwright OL. 1948. The American species of Pleurophorus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 74: 131–145.  
  • Cartwright OL. 1974. Ataenius, Aphotaenius, and Pseudataenius of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 154: i–iv, 1–106.  
  • Casey TL. 1909. Studies in the Caraboidea and Lamellicornia. The Canadian Entomologist 41: 253–284.  
  • Casey TL. 1915. Memoirs on the Coleoptera VI. New Era Printing Company; Lancaster, PA. 460 p. 
  • Cockerell TDA. 1890. Notes on the insect fauna of high altitudes in Custer County, Colorado. The Canadian Entomologist 22: 37–39.  
  • Cockerell TDA. 1893. The entomology of the mid-alpine zone of Custer County, Colorado. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 20: 305–370.  
  • Cole CJ. 1962. Notes on the distribution and food habits of Bufo alvarius at the eastern edge of its range. Herpetologica 18: 172–175.  
  • Cranshaw W. 2007. Japanese Beetle. Colorado State University Extension, Insect Series, Home & Garden 5.601: 1–4.  
  • De Geer C. 1774. Memoires pour Servir l′Histoire des Insectes. 4. Hesselberg; Stockholm, Sweden. Xii + 456 p. +19 pl. 
  • Dellacasa G, Bordat P, Dellacasa M. 2001. A revisional essay of world genus-group taxa of Aphodiinae (Coleoptera Aphodiidae). Memorie della Societa Entomologica Italiana 79: 1–482.  
  • Dellacasa M, Dellacasa G. 2006. Tribe Aphodiini Leach, 1815. p. 105–143. In: Lobl I, Smetana A. (eds.). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 3. Scarabaeoidea – Scirtoidea – Dascilloidea – Buprestoidea – Byrrhoidea. Apollo Books; Stenstrup, Denmark. 690 p. 
  • Dickerson EL, Weiss HB. 1918. Popilia [sic] japonica Newm., a recently introduced Japanese pest. The Canadian Entomologist 50: 217–221.  
  • Edmonds WD. 1994. Revision of Phanaeus Macleay, a New World genus of scarabaeine dung beetles (Coleop tera: Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae). Contributions in Science 443: 1–105.  
  • Edmonds WD. 2022. Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Boreocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini). Insecta Mundi 952: 1–65.  
  • Fabricius IC. 1775. Systema Entomologiae, Sistens Insectorum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, a Directis Synonymis, Locis, Descriptionibus, Observationibus. Kortii; Flensburg and Leipzig, Germany. 832 p 
  • Fabricius IC. 1787. Mantissa Insectorum Sistens eorum Species nuper Detectas Adiectis Characteribus Genericis, Differentiis Specificis, Emendationibus, Observationibus. Tom. I. Proft; Copenhagen, Denmark. xvi + 348 p. 
  • Fagerlund R. 2000. Preliminary checklist of the beetles (Coleoptera) of New Mexico with notes on their distributions. New Mexico Naturalist’s Notes 2: 1–66.  
  • Fernald CH. 1878. [without title]. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 1 (3): 23.  
  • Floate KD, Gill BD. 1998. Seasonal activity of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) associated with cattle dung in southern Alberta and their geographic distribution in Canada. The Canadian Entomologist 130: 131–151.  
  • Forbes SA. 1916. A general survey of the May-beetles (Phyllophaga) of Illinois. University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 186: 215–257.  
  • Fox H. 1939. The probable future distribution of the Japanese beetle in North America. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 47: 105–123.  
  • Génier F, Krell F-T. 2017. Case 3722 – Scarabaeus gazella Fabricius, 1787 (currently Digitonthophagus gazella or Onthophagus gazella; Insecta, Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): proposed conservation of usage of the specific name by designation of a neotype. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 74: 78–87. https://doi.org/10.21805/bzn.v74.a021 
  • Germar EF. 1824. Coleopterorum Species Novae aut Minus Cognitae, Descriptionibus Illustratae. Hendelii et Filii; Halle. xxiv + 624 p. + 2 pl. 
  • Gigliotti MS, Hoback WW, Talley JL. 2019. New state and county records of dung beetles of Oklahoma. Southwestern Entomologist 44: 465–477. https://doi.org/10.3958/059.044.0212 
  • González-Megías A, Sánchez-Piñero F. 2003. Effects of brood parasitism on host reproductive success: evidence from larval interactions among dung beetles. Oecologia 134: 195–202.  
  • Gordon RD, Skelley PE. 2007. A Monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). American Entomological Institute; Gainesville, FL. 580 p. 
  • Haldeman SS. 1848. Descriptions of North American Coleoptera, chiefly in the Cabinet of J. L. Le Conte, M.D., with references to described species. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (2)1: 95-110.  
  • Haldeman SS. 1852. Insects. p. 366–378, pl. 9–10. In: Stansbury H. Exploration and survey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, including a reconnaissance of a new route through the Rocky Mountains. Lippincott, Grambo & Co.; Philadelphia, PA. 487 p. 
  • Haldeman SS. 1853. Descriptions of some new species of Insects, with observations on described species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 6: 361–365.  
  • Halffter G. 1958. Dos nuevos generos de Canthonini. Ciencia 17: 207–212.  
  • Hardy AR. 1971. The North American Areodina with a description of a new genus from California (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47: 235–242.  
  • Hardy A. 1991. A catalog of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, Family: Scarabaeidae, subfamilies: Rutelinae and Dynastinae. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 529-34b: i–xi, 1–57..  
  • Hawks DC. 2001. Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in Chrysina and synonymic checklist of species. Occasional Papers of the Consortium Coleopterorum 4(1): 1–8.  
  • Hawley IM, Dobbins TN. 1945. The distribution and abundance of the Japanese beetle from 1935 through 1943, with a discussion of some of the known factors that influence its behavior. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 53: 1–20.  
  • Helgesen RG, Post RL. 1967. Saprophagous Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) of North Dakota. North Dakota Insects Publication 7: 1–60.  
  • Henney HJ. 1942. Entomology. Annual Report, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station 55: 25–27.  
  • Henshaw S. 1887. Some European beetles in America. The Canadian Entomologist 19: 159–160.  
  • Hernandez E. 2018. Predatory wasps take aim at beetle mania. Colorado researchers receive help to fight spread of Japanese beetles. The Denver Post, Aug. 29, 2018: 1.  
  • Hodgson E. 2007. Japanese beetle: not just another pretty bug. Utah Pest News 1: 1–2.  
  • Hodgson E, Alston D, Stanley CA. 2010. Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica). Utah Pests Fact Sheet ENT-100- 06PR: 1–3.  
  • Hoebeke ER, Beucke K. 1997. Adventive Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America: geographic ranges, diagnoses, and new distributional records. Entomological News 108: 345–362.  
  • Hoffman AL. 2000. A multi-scale assessment of beetle diversity and landscape properties on the shortgrass steppe of Colorado, U.S.A. MSc Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.. 136 p. 
  • Hoffmann CH. 1939. The biology and taxonomy of the Nearctic species of Osmoderma (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 32: 510–525.  
  • Hope FW. 1837. The Coleopterist’s Manual, containing the Lamellicorn Insects of Linneus and Fabricius. Bohn; London. 121 p., 3 pl. 
  • Horn GH. 1880. Synopsis of the Euphoriae of the United States. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 18: 397–408.  
  • Horn GH. 1887a. A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United States. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 14: 1–110.  
  • Horn GH. 1887b. Revision of the species of Lachnosterna of America North of Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 14: 209–296.  
  • Kahle I, Friese G, Gaedike R. 1990. Collectiones Entomologicae. Ein Kompendium uber den Verbleib Entomologischer Sammlungen der Welt bis 1960. Teil IIL L bis Z. Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik; Berlin. p. 221–573. 
  • Howard LO. 1919. Report of the entomologist. Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture 1918: 233–256.  
  • Howard LO, Barber HS, Busck A. 1928. Dr. E. A. Schwarz. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 30: 154–183.  
  • Howden HF. 1955. Biology and taxonomy of North American beetles of the subfamily Geotrupinae with revisions of the genera Bolbocerosoma, Eucanthus, Geotrupes and Peltotrupes (Scarabaeidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 104: 151–319.  
  • Howden HF. 1968. A review of the Trichiinae of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 54: 1–77.  
  • Howden HF. 1984. A catalog of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico, Family: Scarabaeidae, subfamily: Geotrupinae. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 529-34a: i–viii, 1–17..  
  • Hunter JS, Fincher GT. 1985. Five new state records for the Afro-Asian dung beetle Onthophagus gazella (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Entomological Science 20: 24–25.  
  • Sheppard DC, Fincher GT. 1987. New distribution records for Aphodius erraticus (L.). Journal of Agricultural Entomology 4: 90–91.  
  • Illiger JKW. 1798. Verzeichniss der Kafer Preussens. Entworfen von Johann Gottlieb Kugelann, Apotheker in Osterode. Gebauer; Halle. XLII, 512 p. 
  • Jackson TA, Klein MG. 2006. Scarabs as pests: a continuing problem. Coleopterists Society Monographs 5: 102–119.  
  • Kaufman P. 2009. Biological observations and a new state record of Paracotalpa granicollis Haldeman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) in New Mexico. The Coleopterists Bulletin 63: 513–515.  
  • Kerzicnik L. 2020. Japanese Beetle. Montana State University Extension, MontGuide MT202404AR: 1–8.  
  • Kessler H, Balsbaugh EU. 1972. Succession of adult Coleoptera in bovine manure in east central South Dakota. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 65: 1333–1336.  
  • Kessler H, Balsbaugh EU, McDaniel B. 1974. Faunistic comparison of adult Coleoptera recovered from cattle and sheep manure in east-central South Dakota. Entomological News 85: 67–71.  
  • Kirby W, Spence W. 1828. An introduction to entomology: or elements of the natural history of insects: with plates. Vol. IV. Fifth Edition. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green; London, UK. iv, 683 p. 
  • Kistner-Thomas EJ. 2019. The potential global distribution and voltinism of the Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) under current and future climates. Journal of Insect Science 9(2): 16. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iez023 
  • Klimaszewski J, Langor DW, Smith ABT, Hoebeke ER, Davies A, Pelletier G, Douglas HB, Webster RP, Bourdon C, Boroviec L, Scudder GGE. 2017. Synopsis of adventive species of Coleoptera (Insecta) recorded from Canada. Part 4: Scarabaeoidea, Scirtoidea, Buprestoidea, Byrrhoidea, Elateroidea, Derodontoidea, Bostrichoidea, and Cleroidea. Pensoft; Sofia and Moscow. 215 p. 
  • Krell F-T. 2010. Catalogue of Colorado scarab and stag beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea), based on literature records. Denver Museum of Nature & Science Technical Report 2010-4: 1–84.  
  • Krell F-T. 2011. Pleurophorus caesus new to New Mexico (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Entomological News 122: 491–492. https://doi.org/10.3157/021.122.0512 
  • Krell F[-T]. 2012. Invaders Everywhere. Catalyst, Denver Museum of Nature & Science Magazine June/July 2012: 12.  
  • Krell F-T. 2018. Japanese beetles make Colorado home. YourHub, Adams County (Denver Post), July 12, 2018: 6. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326366522_Japanese_beetles_make_Colorado_home  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • Krell F-T. 2024. The European dung beetle Aphodius (Melinopterus) prodromus (Brahm) and related native species in the Dakotas (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Entomological News 131: 64–74. https://doi.org/10.3157/021.131.0202 
  • Krell F-T, Angus R. 2014. The identity of Aphodius nodifrons Randall, 1838 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) from Maine, United States of America, with designation of the lectotype and handwriting examples. Zootaxa 3827: 273–281. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.2.8 
  • Kumar R, Lavigne RJ, Lloyd JE, Pfadt RE. 1976. Insects of the Central Plains Experiment Range, Pawnee National Grassland. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Science Monographs 32: i–iv, 1–74..  
  • Leach BR. 1921. The Japanese beetle in relation to golf grounds. Bulletin of the Green Section of the U. S. Golf Association 1: 210–211.  
  • Le Conte JL. 1847. Fragmenta entomologica. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (2) 1: 71–93.  
  • Le Conte JL. 1855. Descriptions of new Coleoptera collected by Thos. H. Webb, M. D., in the years 1850–51 and 52, while Secretary of the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Commission. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 6: 220–225.  
  • Le Conte JL. 1856. Notice of three genera of Scarabaeidae found in the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8: 19–25.  
  • Leconte JT [sic]. 1857. Report upon insects collected on the Survey. p. 1–72, pl. 1–2. In: Suckley G, Cooper JG. The Natural History of Washington Territory and Oregon, with much relating to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Utah, and California [...]. Bailliere Brothers; New York, NY. xvii, 72, 399 p. 
  • LeConte JL. 1858. Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera, chiefly collected by the United States and Mexican Boundary Commission, under Major W. H. Emory, U. S. A. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 10: 59–89.  
  • Leconte JL. 1866. Additions to the Coleopterous Fauna of the United States. No. 1. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1866: 361–394.  
  • Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Reformata. Laurentii Salvii; Stockholm, Sweden. 823 p. 
  • Loughrin JH, Potter DA, Hamilton-Kemp TR. 1998. Attraction of Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to host plant volatiles in field trapping experiments. Environmental Entomology 27: 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/27.2.395 
  • Matthews EG. 1961. A revision of the genus Copris Muller of the Western Hemisphere (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Entomologica Americana 41: 1–139.  
  • Melsheimer FE. 1844. Descriptions of new species of Coleoptera of the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2: 133–160.  
  • Melsheimer FV. 1806. A Catalogue of Insects of Pennsylvania. Part First. Lepper; Hannover. VI, 60 p. 
  • McMulkin L. 2010a. Japanese beetles. From the Ground Up 1(7): 10.  
  • McMulkin L. 2010b. Japanese beetle munching their way through Pueblo. The Pueblo Chieftain, 8 August 2010. Available at https://www.chieftain.com/story/lifestyle/2010/08/08/japanese-beetles-munching-theirway/  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • MacRae TC, Penn SR. 2001. Additional records of adventive Onthophagus Latreille (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in North America. The Coleopterists Bulletin 55: 49–50.  
  • Miraldo A, Krell F-T, Smalén M, Angus RB, Roslin T. 2014. Making the cryptic visible - resolving the species complex of Aphodius fimetarius (Linnaeus, 1758) and Aphodius pedellus (de Geer, 1774) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) by three complementary methods. Systematic Entomology 39: 531. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12079 
  • Montes de Oca E, Halffter G. 1998. Invasion of Mexico by two dung beetles previously introduced into the United States. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 33: 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1076/snfe.33.1.37.2174 
  • Mulsant E. 1842. Histoire Naturelle des Coleopteres de France. Lamellicornes. Maison; Paris. viii, 623 p., 3 pl. 
  • Newman [E]. 1838. New species of Popillia. Magazine of Natural History and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology and Meteorology 2: 336–338.  
  • NPWRC Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, United States Geological Survey. 1994. Inventory of arthropod species recorded to date from Colorado National Monument, Colorado. Revised February 1994, based on specimens at UCM, CSU, and COLM. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20050316094028/  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • NPWRC Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, United States Geological Survey. 1995. Inventory of arthropod species recorded to date from Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado/Utah. Revised February 1995, based primarily on specimens at UCM, CSU, and DINO. Available at https://web.archive.org/  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • NPWRC Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, United States Geological Survey. 1999. Inventory of arthropod species recorded to date from Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. Revised October 17, 1999. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20050525233758/http://npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/insects/insect/  (Last accessed 29 June 2025.)
  • Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GVN, Underwood EC, D′Amico JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF, Ricketts TH, Kura Y, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel WW, Hedao P, Kassem KR. 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on Earth. Bioscience 51: 933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0. 
  • CO;2 Orozco J. 2012. Monographic revision of the American genus Euphoria Burmeister, 1842 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Coleopterists Society Monograph 11: 1–182.  
  • Osborn J. 1937. Fragments of Entomological History Including Some Personal Recollection of Men and Events. Author; Columbus, OH. 394 p. 
  • Owen WK. 2004. Seasonality and effects on dung decomposition of Aphodius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in southeast Wyoming. MSc Thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. xv +152 p. 
  • Panzerus (Panzer) GWF. 1794. Faunae Insectorum Americes Borealis Prodromus. Felseckeri; Nuremberg. 8 p., 1 pl. 
  • Panzer GWF. 1796. Fauna Insectorum Germanicae Initia oder Deutschlands Insecten. Heft 35. Felseneckersche Buchhandlung; Nuremberg. 24 p., 24 pl. 
  • Ratcliffe BC. 1976. A revision of the genus Strategus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 10: 93–204.  
  • Ratcliffe BC. 1991. The scarab beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 12: 1–333.  
  • Ratcliffe BC. 2009. Xyloryctes Hope, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Oryctini) in the United States. Qui es et ubi fuisti et quo vadis? Insecta Mundi 100: 1–11.  
  • Ratcliffe BC, Cave RD. 2017. The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 30: i–vi, 1–293..  
  • Ratcliffe BC, Paulsen MJ. 2008. The Scarabaeoid beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 22: i–iv, 1–568..  
  • Ring J. 2014. Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) Annual Report Colorado 2014. Colorado Department of Agriculture. 42 p. Available at https://spl.cde.state.co.us/artemis/agserials/ag855internet/ag8552014internet.pdf  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • Robinson M. 1948. A review of the species of Canthon inhabiting the United States (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 74: 83–100.  
  • Rößner E. 2012. Die Hirschkafer und Blatthornkafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) Ostdeutschlands. Verein der Freunde und Forderer des Naturkundemuseums Erfurt; Erfurt, Germany. 505 p 
  • Romero-Alcaraz E, Ávila JM. 2000. Effect of elevation and type of habitat on the abundance and diversity of scarabaeoid dung beetles (Scarabaeoidea) assemblages in a Mediterranean area from Southern Iberian Peninsula. Zoological Studies 39: 351–359.  
  • Sánchez-Piñero F, Avila JM. 1991. Analisis comparativa de los Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) coprofagos de las deyecciones de conejo [Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)] y de otros mamiferos. Estudio preliminar. Eos 67: 23–34.  
  • Sánchez-Piñero F, Avila JM. 2004. Dung-insect community composition in arid zones of south-eastern Spain. Journal of Arid Environments 56: 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00057-0 
  • S0140-1963(03)00057-0 Saylor LW. 1940. Synoptic revision of the beetle genera Cotalpa and Paracotalpa of the United States, with description of a new subgenus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 42: 190-200.  
  • Saylor LW. 1945. Synoptic revision of the United States scarab beetles of the subfamily Dynastinae, No. 1: Cyclocephalini. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 35: 378–386.  
  • Schönherr CJ. 1806. Synonymia Insectorum, oder: Versuch einer Synonymie aller bisher bekannten Insecten; nach Fabricii Systema Eleutheratorum geordnet. 1: Eleutherata oder Kafer. Erster Theil. Lethrus --- Scolytes. Nordstrom; Stockholm. XXII, 294 p., 3 pl. 
  • Schwarz [EA]. 1908. [without title; … upon some introduced Coleoptera…]. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 114–115.  
  • Shorthouse DP. 2010. SimpleMappr Available at http://www.simplemappr.net  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • M, Freilich J, Tonka T. 2009. Application of dung-baited pitfall trapping in monitoring study on diversity of coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, Hydrophilidae) in cattle pastures. Journal of Agrobiology 26: 83–99.  
  • M, Freilich J, Tonka T. 2010. Function of coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, Hydrophilidae) in cattle pastures inferred from pitfall trapping data. Journal of Agrobiology 27: 85–91. https://doi.org/10.2478/s10146-009-0011-2 
  • Snow FH. 1906. Results of the entomological collecting expedition of the University of Kansas to Pima County, Arizona, in June and July, 1906. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 20: 140–164.  
  • Strangi A, Paoli F, Nardi F, Shimizu K, Iovinella I, Bosio G, Roversi PF, Carapelli A, Marianelli L. 2024. Tracing the dispersal route of the invasive Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. Journal of Pest Science 97: 613–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-023-01653-1 
  • Sturm J. 1843. Catalog der Kafer-Sammlung. Author; Nuremberg. XII, 386 p., 17 pl. 
  • Tauzin P. 1994. Le genre Osmoderma Le Peletier et Audinet-Serville 1828 (Coleopt., Cetoniidae, Trichiinae, Osmodermatini) (deuxieme partie). L’Entomologiste 50: 217–242.  
  • Thompson MY. 1998. Japanese Beetle really in New Mexico. Southwest Yard & Garden, Issue August 24th, 1998 New Mexico State University, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20240707095333/http://aces.nmsu.edu/ces/yard/1998/082498.html  (Last accessed 03 September 2025.)
  • Tri River Area Extension Entomology & Agronomy. 2025. Colorado State University Extension. Western Colorado Insects: Japanese Beetle in Mesa County. Available at https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/japanese-beetle-in-mesa-county/  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. 2020. Japanese Beetle eradication. Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. Available at https://ag.utah.gov/2020/03/16/japanese-beetle-eradication/  (Last accessed 03 September 2025)
  • Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. 2025. Japanese Beetle eradication. Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. Available at https://ag.utah.gov/jberadication/?fbclid=IwAR2AMD6dM3SgoLehbzBGeL9mjkkF  (Last accessed 03 September 2025.)
  • Verdú JR, Stebnicka ZT, Galante E. 2006. A new Neotropical genus of the Eupariini-Psammodiini complex with comparative morphology of mouthparts structures and analysis of characters among related taxa (Coleop tera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae). Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 49B: 55–72.  
  • Warner WB. 2011. Review of the genus Orizabus Fairmaire in the United States of America (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Insecta Mundi 174: 1–42.  
  • Watson K, Burfitt CE. 2017. The Orem, Utah Japanese beetle eradication. Entomology 2017, November 5–8, Denver, Colorado: presentation 1561. https://esa.confex.com/esa/2017/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/123142 (Last accessed 28 August 2025.) Available at https://esa.confex.com/esa/2017/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/123142  (Last accessed 28 August 2025.)
  • West D. 2025. Japanese beetles caught in Mesa County down significantly. The Daily Sentinel Grand Junction, Colorado, Jan. 23 and 24, 2025. Available at https://www.gjsentinel.com/news/western_colorado/japanesebeetles-beetles-caught-in-mesa-county-down-significantly/article_c12fc7e6-d918-11ef-aa57-3794ca590336.html  (Last accessed 30 June 2025.)
  • Whitehead PF. 2006. Aphodius (A.) fimetarius (L., 1758) and Aphodius (A.) pedellus (De Geer, 1774) (Col., Aphodiidae) are distinct species, with new evidence for their European distribution. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 142: 85–86.  
  • Wickham HF. 1899. Recollections of old collecting grounds. VII.—The vicinity of Colorado Springs. Entomological News 10: 5–8.  
  • Wickham HF. 1902. A catalogue of the Coleoptera of Colorado. Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History of the State University of Iowa 5: 217–310.  
  • Wickham HF. 1905. The North American species of Cotalpa. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 13: 1–4.  
  • Wilson CJ. 2001. Aphodius pedellus (De Geer), a species distinct from A. fimetarius (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Aphodiidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 144: 137–143.  
  • Young RM. 2002. A new Cotalpa Burmeister taken on post oak in eastern Texas with notes and a key to species in the genus (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 56: 473–479. https://doi.org/10.1649/0010-065X(2002)056[0473:ANCBTO]2.0.CO;2 
  • CO;2 Zhu G, Oeller LC, Wojahn R, Acosta C, Milnes JM, Crowder DW. 2023. Potential distribution and spread of Japanese beetle in Washington State. Journal of Economic Entomology 116: 1458–1463. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad116 
  • Zunino M. 1981. Insects of Saudi Arabia, Coleoptera: Fam. Scarabaeidae, Tribe Onthophagini. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 3: 408–416.  

Publication

1161

Published

2025-11-28

How to cite

Krell F-T. 2025. The distribution of 28 species of Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) in Colorado, with new state records. Insecta Mundi 1161: 1–71. https://doi.org/10.64338/im.1161.qjmfc